Leg and foot muscles: origins, insertions and actions.

Just in case you are looking for it all in one place, and easily copy and pastable (like I was. . .and did not find) check out the Leg and foot muscles, and their origins, insertions and actions. And to start us off:

Gastocnemius

  Action:  Flex the knee, plantar flex the ankle

  Origin:  Condyles of the femur, posterior surfaces

  Insertion:  Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Soleus

  Action:  Plantar flex the ankle

  Origin:  Soleal line; proximal, posterior surface of tibia and posterior aspect of head of fibula

  Insertion:  Calcaneus bia calcaneal tendon

Plantaris

  Action:  Weak plantar flexion of the ankle, weak flexion of the knee

  Origin:  Lateral supracondylar line of femur

  Insertion:  Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon





Popliteus

  Action:  Medially rotate the flexed knee, flex the knee

  Origin:  Lateral condyle of the femur

  Insertion:  Proximal, posterior aspect of tibia


Peroneus Longus

  Action:  Evert the foot, assist to plantar flex the ankle

  Origin:  Head of fibula and proximal two-thirds of lateral fibula

  Insertion:  Base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Peroneus Brevis

  Action:  Evert the foot, assist to plantar flex the ankle

  Origin:  Distal two-thirds of lateral fibula

  Insertion:  Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal

Extensors of the Ankle and Toes

Tibialis Anterior

  Action:  Invert the foot, Dorsiflex the ankle

  Origin:  Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane

  Insertion:  Medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal

Extensor Digitorum Longus

                                                                 Action:

• Extend the second through fifth toes
• Dorsiflex the ankle
• Evert the foot

  Origin:  Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, anterior shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane

  Insertion:  Middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

Extensor Hallucis Longus

  Action:  

• Extend the first toe
• Dorsiflex the ankle
• Invert the foot

  Origin:  Middle, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

  Insertion:  Distal phalanx of first toe

Flexors of the Ankle and Toes


Tibialis posterior

Action: Invert foot and plantar flex ankle

Origin: Proximal post. shaft of tibia, proximal fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Navicular cuneiforms, cuboid and bases of second through fourth metatarsals


Flexor digitorium longus

Action: Flex second through fifth toes, invert foot and weak plantar flexion of ankle

Origin: Middle post. surface of tibia

Insertion: Distal phalanges of second through fifth toes


Flexor Hallucis Longus

Action: Flexfirst toe, invert foot and weak plantar flexion of ankle

Origin: Middle half of post. fibula

Insertion: Distal phalanges of first toe

Extensor digitorum longus

Action: Extends toes and extends foot at ankle
Origin:Upper two thirds of anterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane and superior tibiofibular joint
Insertion: Extensor expansion of lateral four toes


Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Action: Extend second through fourth toes

Origin: Calcaneus

Insertion: Second through fourth toes via extensor digitorum longus tendons


Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Action: Flex middle phalanges of second through fifth toes

Origin: Calcaneus

Insertion: Middle phalanges of second through fifth toes


Abductor Hallucis

Action: Abduct first toe and assist to flex first toe

Origin: Calcaneus

Insertion: Proximal phalange of first toe

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Action: Flex fifth toe and assist to abduct fifth toe

Origin: Calcaneus 

Insertion: Proximal phalange of fifth toe






Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Action: Extend first toe

Origin: Calcaneus

Insertion: Proximal phalange of first toe


Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Action: Flex first toe

Origin: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform

Insertion: Med. and lat. sides of base of proximal phalange of first toe

Adductor Hallucis

Action: Adduct first toe and assist to maintain transverse arch of foot

Origin: Oblique head- Bases of second through fourth metatarsals
Transverse head- Platar ligament of third through fifth metotarsophalangeal joints

Insertion: Lat. surface of base of proximal phalange os first toe and lateral sesamoid bone


Abductor Hallucis
Action: Flexes and abducts big toe. Supports medial longitudinal arch

Origin: Medial process of posterior calcaneal tuberosity & flexor retinaculum

Insertion: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of big toe via medial sesamoid

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Action: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe

Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus

Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

Quadratus Plantae

Action: Assist flexor digitorum longus to flex second through fifth toes

Origin: Platar surface of calcaneus

Insertion: Post., lat. aspect of flexor digitorum longus tendon

Lumbricals 

Action: Flex proximal phalanges of second through fifth toes at metatarsophalangeal joints and extend middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth toes and interphalangeal joints

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Insertion: Bases of proximal Phalanges of second through fifth toes and expansions of extensor digitorum longus tendons

Plantar Interossei

Action: Adduct and flex third through fifth toes

Origin: Bases of third through fifth metatarsals

Insertion: Medial surfaces of proximal phalanges of third through fifth toes


Dorsal Interossei

Action: Abduct and flex second through fourth toes

Origin: Shafts of first through fourth metatarsals

Insertion: First- Medial surface of proximal phalange of second toe
Second through fourth- Lateral surfaces of proximal phalange of second through fourth toes

I hope this was a help to you as just making it has been to me. Please comment below if I missed anything or said something wrong, as I simply am copying others work here, and don't know this stuff myself yet.

Muscles of the Pelvis and Thigh

Muscles of the Pelvis & Thigh.

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Action: Flex, medially rotate, and abduct the hip

Origin: Iliac crest, posterior to the ASIS

Insertion: Iliotibial tract

Iliotibial Tract

Superficial sheet of fascia (not technically a muscle) that covers the vastus lateralis – emerges from the Gluteal fascia.

Sartorius

Action: 

• Flex, laterally rotate, and abduct the hip
• Flex the knee
• Medially rotate the flexed knee

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Proximal, medial shaft of the tibia at pes anserinus tendon

Quadriceps group (4)

Action:  

• Extend the knee (tibiofemoral joint) -- all
• Flex the hip -- Rectus Femoris

Origin:

• Rectus Femoris: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
• Vastus Medialis: Medial lip of linea aspera
• Vastus Lateralis: Lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity and greater trochanter
• Vastus Intermedius: Anterior and lateral shaft of the femur

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament)

Hamstring group (3)

Biceps Femoris

Action:

• Flex the knee
• Laterally rotate the flexed knee
• Long head: Extend the hip and assist to laterally rotate the hip
• Tilt the pelvis posteriorly

Origin:

• Long head: Ischial tuberosity
• Short head: Lateral lip of linea aspera

Insertion: Head of the fibula

Semitendinosus

Action:

• Flex the knee
• Medially rotate the flexed knee
• Extend the hip
• Assist to medially rotate the hip
• Tilt the pelvis posteriorly

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Proximal, medial shaft of the tibia at pes anserinus tendon

Semimembranosus

Action:

• Flex the knee
• Medially rotate the flexed knee
• Extend the hip
• Assist to medially rotate the hip
• Tilt the pelvis posteriorly

Origin: Ischial turberosity

Insertion: Posterior aspect of medial condyle of tibia

Gluteals

Gluteus Maximus

Action:

• Extend the hip
• Laterally rotate the hip
• Abduct the hip
• Adduct the hip (lower fibers)

Origin:

• coccyx
• edge of sacrum
• posterior iliac crest
• sacrotuberous and sacroiliac ligaments

Insertion: Iliotibial tract (upper fibers) and gluteal tuberosity (lower fibers)

Gluteus Medius

Action:  

• All fibers: Abduct the hip
• Anterior fibers: Flex and medially rotate the hip
• Posterior fibers: Extend and laterally rotate the hip

Origin:  

• Gluteal surface of ilium
• between posterior and anterior gluteal lines
• just below the iliac crest

Insertion: Lateral aspect of greater trochanter

Gluteus Minimus

Action: Abduct, medially rotate, and flex the hip

Origin: Gluteal surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines

Insertion: Anterior aspect of greater trochanter

Adductor Group

Actions:

All: Adduct and medially rotate the hip

All except Gracilis: Assist to flex the hip

      Gracilis: Flex and medially rotate the flexed knee

   Posterior fibers of Adductor Magnus: Extend the hip

Adductor Magnus

Origin: Inferior ramus of the pubis, ramus of ischium and ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial lip of linea aspera and adductor tubercle

Adductor Longus

Origin: Pubic tubercle

Insertion: Medial lip of linea aspera

Adductor Brevis

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: Pectineal line and medial lip of linea aspera

Pectineus

Origin: Superior ramus of pubis

Insertion: Pectineal line of femur

Gracilis

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: Proximal, medial shaft of tibia at pes anserinus tendon

Lateral Rotators of the Hip

Action:  

• All laterally rotate the hip at the coxal joint
• Piriformis abducts the hip when the hip is flexed.

Piriformis

 Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum

Insertion: Superior aspect of greater trochanter

Quadratus Femoris

Origin: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest, between the greater and lesser trochanters

Obturator Internus

Origin: Obturator membrane and inferior surface of obturator foramen

Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter

Obturator Externus

Origin: Rami of pubis and ischium, obturator membrane

Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur

Gemellus Superior

Origin: Ischial spine

Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter

Gemellus Inferior

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter

Iliopsoas group

Psoas minor

Action: Posterior rotation of pelvis.

Origin: Anterolateral surface of T12 and L1 vertebrae.

Insertion: Superior ramus of pubis. Action: Posterior rotation of pelvis.

Psoas Major

Action:

• With the origin fixed: flex the hip, may laterally rotate the hip
• With the insertion fixed: flex the trunk toward the thigh, tilt pelvis anteriorly
• Unilaterally: Assist to laterally flex the lumbar spine

Origin: Bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Lesser trochanter

Iliacus

Action:

• With the origin fixes: flex the hip, may laterally rotate the hip
• With the insertion fixed: flex the trunk toward the thigh, tilt pelvis anteriorly

Origin: Iliac fossa

Insertion: Lesser trochanter

That's all of them!

Head, neck and face muscles: action, origin and insertion.

Muscles – Head, Neck, & Face

Sternocleidomastoid

Action: 

Unilateral

• laterally flex the head and neck to the same side
• rotate the head and neck to the opposite side

Bilateral

• flex the neck
• assist to elevate the rib cage during inhalation

Origin:  

• Sternal Head: top of manubrium
• Clavicular Head: medial 1/3 of the clavical

Insertion:

Mastoid process of temporal bone and the lateral portion of superior nuchal line of occiput

Scalenes

Action: Same for all the scalenes.

Unilateral

• With the rib fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side.
• Rotate head and neck to the opposite side.

Bilateral

• Elevate the ribs during inhalation.
• Flex the head and neck (anterior).

Anterior Scalene

Origin: Transverse processes of third through sixth cervical vertebrae.

Insertion: First rib.

Middle Scalene

Origin: Transverse processes of second through seventh cervical vertebrae.

Insertion: First rib.

Posterior Scalene

Origin: Transverse processes of sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae.

Insertion: Second rib.

Masseter

Action: Elevate the mandible. May assist to protract the mandible.

Origin: Zygomatic arch.

Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible.

Temporalis

Action: Elevates and retracts the mandible.

Origin: Temporal fossa and fascia.

Insertion: Coronoid process and anterior edge of ramus of the mandible.

Digastric

Action:  

• With hyoid bone fixed, depresses the mandible.
• With mandible fixed, elevates the hyoid bone.
• Retracts the mandible.

Origin: Mastoid process.

Insertion: Inferior border of the mandible.

Platysma

Action:

• Assist to depress the mandible.
• Tighten the fascia of the neck.
• Draw down the corner of the mouth.

Origin: Fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major.

Insertion: Base of mandible, skin of lower part of face.

Occipitofrontalis

Action:  

• Frontalis: Raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead.
• Occipitalis: Anchor and retract the galea posteriorly.

Origin: Both: Galea apponeurotica

Insertion:  

• Frontalis: Skin superior to eyebrows.
• Occipitalis: Superior nuchal line of the occiput

Medial Pterygoid

Action:  

• Unilateral: Laterally deviates the mandible to the opposite side.
• Bilaterally: Elevates and protracts the mandible.

Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid and tuberosity of maxilla.

Insertion: Medial surface of ramus of the mandible.

Lateral Pterygoid

Action:  

• Unilateral: Laterally deviates the mandible to the opposite side.
• Bilateral: Protracts the mandible.

Origin:  

• Superior head: Infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone.
• Inferior head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone.

Insertion: Articular disk and capsule of temporomandibular joint, neck of mandible.

Longus Capitis

Action:  

• Unilateral: Laterally flexes the head and neck to the same side.
• Bilaterally: Rotates the head and neck to the same side.

Origin: Transverse processes of C-3 through C-6.

Insertion: Inferior surface of occiput.

Longus Colli

Action:

• Unilateral: Laterally flexes the head and neck to the same side.
• Bilaterally: Rotates the head and neck to the same side.

Origin: Bodies of C-5 through T-3, transverse processes of C-3 through C-5.

Insertion:  

• Tubericle on anterior arch of the atlas
• Bodies of the axis, C-3 & C-4
• Transverse processes of C-5 & C-6

Rectus capitis anterior

Action: Aids in flexion of the head and the neck

Origin: Anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas (C1 vertebra) and the root of its transverse process[

Insertion: The inferior surface of the occipital bone anterior to the foreamen magnum

Some of these muscles are grouped into muscle groups,

below are some.

Infrahyoids (inferior to hyoid)

Action: Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage.

Origin:  

• Sternohyoid & Sternothyroid: Top of manubrium.
• Thyrohyoid: Thyroid cartilage.
• Omohyoid: Superior border of the scapula.

Insertion:  

• Sternothyroid: Thyroid cartilage.
• Sternohyoid, Thyrohyoid, & Omohyoid: Hyoid bone.

Suprahyoids (superior to hyoid)

Action: Elevate hyoid and tongue. Depresses mandible.

Origin:  

• Geniohyoid & Mylohyoid: Underside of mandible.
• Stylohyoid: Styloid process.

Insertion: Hyoid bone.

Suboccipitalis (under the occipital bone) group of 4

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

Action: Extends and rotates atlanto-occipital joint

Origin: Spinous process of axis (C2)

Insertion: Lateral half of inferior nuchal line

        Antagonist: Extension – Longus Capitis, Rectus Capitis Anterior; Rotation – Oblique Capitis Inferior, Rectus Capitis Posterior Major; Lateral flexion – Oblique Capitis Superior, Rectus Capitis Lateralis.

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor

Action: Extends and rotates atlanto-occipital joint

Origin: Posterior process of atlas (C1)

Insertion: Medial half of inferior nuchal line

        Antagonist: 

Oblique Capitis Superior

Action:

Origin:

Insertion:

       Antagonist:

Oblique Capitis Inferior

Action:

Origin:

Insertion:

       Antagonist:

And that is more than you will likely ever need to know about the head, neck and face.